Human Security Studies by Sorpong Peou

Author:Sorpong Peou [Peou, Sorpong]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, International Relations, General, Social Science, Anthropology, Human Rights, Political Freedom
ISBN: 9789814440479
Google: KCc8DQAAQBAJ
Barnesnoble:
Goodreads: 16280021
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
Published: 2013-07-31T00:00:00+00:00

Conclusion

Armed intervention for the protection of civilians has been a contentious issue because policymakers and scholars subscribing to different theoretical traditions continue to disagree on whether it is the most effective way to ensure human security. In spite of the R2P norm of intervention that has emerged since the mid-2000s, there has been no global consensus on how to put it into practice. States that formally adopted R2P have not always implemented it effectively: Some, like Canada, have distanced themselves from the collective norm. Other states continue to reject it.98 The new aspiration for R2P-type intervention has not yet become a universally accepted norm. Even liberals disagree among themselves on whether military intervention is justifiable. Realists view this course of action as just another form of states pursuing their security interests over human security interests, and thus see no reason to expect more frequent armed intervention to protect humanity around the world. Critical theorists regard this type of intervention as a dangerous type of imperialism and therefore tend to oppose it. UN Security Council resolutions have advanced the R2P framework; however, action has been limited by the lack of capacity and funding and the uncertainty of how to implement the feminist agenda of addressing sexual and gender-based violence. Feminists have noticed some progress in the area of the gender mainstreaming of military peace operations, but they have also acknowledged the limitations of making them operationally effective. Overall, comparative analysis reveals inconsistencies and obstacles. There may be multiple causes or factors; however, one major lesson has been learned so far: Military intervention for the protection of people has been an ad hoc, selective, and inadequate instrument for ensuring human security. While many states continue to have reservations about the use of force in the R2P norm of intervention, other state leaders tend to advocate military intervention even in cases related to natural disasters and overlook the fact that the responsibility to protect need not be based on the use of force, which tends to do more harm than good.99 It seems that more and more proponents of R2P now emphasize the need for prevention. Another important observation is thus worth making: States are more receptive to non-military forms of intervention, and armed humanitarian intervention tends to be carried out in countries that are undemocratic and institutionally weak.

More attention, as will be discussed later, needs to be paid to the urgent need for building democratic institutions and promoting human rights before atrocities are committed.

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